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SUMMARY
Salmonella enterica infections are common causes of bloodstream infection in low-resource areas, where they may be difficult to distinguish from other febrile illnesses and may be associated with a high case fatality ratio. Microbiologic culture of blood or bone marrow remains the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis. Antimicrobial resistance has emerged in Salmonella enterica, initially to the traditional first-line drugs chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility and then fluoroquinolone resistance have developed in association with chromosomal mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of genes encoding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and also by plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms. Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins has occurred more often in nontyphoidal than in typhoidal Salmonella strains. Azithromycin is effective for the management of uncomplicated typhoid fever and may serve as an alternative oral drug in areas where fluoroquinolone resistance is common. In 2013, CLSI lowered the ciprofloxacin susceptibility breakpoints to account for accumulating clinical, microbiologic, and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic data suggesting that revision was needed for contemporary in
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TESOL Working Paper Series
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The TESOL Working Paper Series is a refereed, open-access journal that is published annually by the TESOL program in the Department of English and Applied Linguistics at Hawaii Pacific University. The Series is published annually online on the website of the Department of English & Applied Linguistics and is indexed by JSTOR Open Access, Google’s Scholar, and HPU’s Libraries. The Series is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Work s 3.0 United States License. There is no fee for publishing on the TESOL Working Paper Series.
AIM AND SCOPE
The TESOL Working Paper Series is dedicated to the dissemination of academic work on topics related to the teaching and learning of second languages, with specific emphasis on the teaching of English to speakers of other languages. Papers included in the Series are relevant to theoretical and practical issues in second language teaching and contribute to current and future teachers’ understanding of theory and practice in second language teaching. The Series publishes papers in the following categories:
- Original empirical research or action research with implications for teachin